How to Convert Celsius to Fahrenheit

Temperature conversions are common, but you cant always look at a thermometer that lists degrees in both Celsius and Fahrenheit. However, all you need to convert between the two is a simple formula. Conversion Formula The formula for converting a measurement in Celsius to Fahrenheit is: F 1.8  C   32 where F is the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit and C is the temperature in degrees Celsius. The formula may also be written as: F 9/5  C   32 It is easy to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit  by following  these two steps: Multiply your Celsius measurement by 1.8.Add 32 to the result. The final answer will be the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. Note: If you are doing temperature conversions for a homework problem, take care to report the converted value using the same number of significant digits as the original number. Example Imagine, for example, that while traveling in Europe you come down with an illness. You only have access to a thermometer with Celsius measurements, which tells you that your body temperature is  37 degrees. You want to convert this measurement to  Fahrenheit. To do this, plug the  temperature measurement into the equation: F 1.8 C 32F (1.8)(37) 32F 66.6 32F 98.6 The original value,  37 degrees Celsius, has two  significant digits, so the Fahrenheit temperature should be reported as  99 degrees Fahrenheit.

The Enlightenment As A Period Of Time During The...

Heather Cuevas Professor Joel Gillaspie History 102 July 19, 2015 The Enlightenment is known as a period of time during the eighteenth century in which the most influential thinkers throughout Europe, Britain, and France expressed criticism and mistrust of traditional customs, morals, and institutions. These individuals were known as the Enlightenment Thinkers and consisted primarily of elite writers and intellectuals. The Enlightenment Thinkers, mostly through their writings, were able to spread their ideas of a new European outlook which would ultimately have a profound influence in the minds of the French revolutionaries. Promoting their ideas, the Enlightenment Thinkers emphasized reason, knowledge, and science, and the concept of rational change. They believed the concept of reasoning could be applied in situations other than scientific in nature enabling them to learn more about religion, society, and politics making for an overall improved society. Ideas were also shared through Skepticism, a belief that certainty did not exist. They believe that in order to be certain, there had to be proof, nothing could be accepted on faith alone. Scottish philosopher, David Hume, used Skepticism to share his views against established religion. He stated that â€Å"The revealed truths of Christian religion could have no bases, and also that religion grows out of hope or fear† (Textbook, p. 431), which challenged the explanations of Christianity that were based onShow MoreRelatedWomen in the Enlightenment Essay1406 Words   |  6 PagesThe Enlightenment is known as the revolution that brought to question the traditional political and social structures. This included the question of the woman’s traditional roles in society. As the public sphere relied more and more and the advances in scientific and educated thinking, women sought to join in with the ranks of their male counterparts. 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Leadership and Public Service Motivation †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Leadership and Public Service Motivation. Answer: Introduction According to Armstrong, (2014) employee motivation and performance are the key factors in any organization. Motivation refers to the process of motivating people to be able to achieve their goals in the organization. Some of the psychological factors that may motivate employees in organization are the need of more money, job satisfaction and respect of others. Motivation is very important in the management of the organization. Motivation is used to encourage workers to be able to make an optimistic input in achieving organizational objectives and goals. On the other hand organization performance refers to when employees work to achieve the targets and goals that are set by the organization. It can be financial, time keeping, good customer care , productivity and many more. The method used to collect the data is the use of questionnaires to collect data. The questionnaires were issued to ten respondents who are employees in Sohar University (Cerasoli,2014). The employees responded to the questions well and it was then analyzed depending on the results. The report is based on the impact of motivation on the performance of the employees. Majority of the employees said that non financial incentive is the preferred method of motivation in the organization. Incentives and other factors do affect the performance of the organization. In the figure most of the respondents said that good relationship with co workers motivates them to perform in the organization, followed by company acknowledging the work of employees, then followed by increase in salaries, promotion opportunities and performance appraisal activities. In the above figure the respondents said that the increase in salary is the number one motivating factor in improving the performance of organization followed by annual leave, promotion of the employees, recognition of the employees and lastly motivation talks which comes up last. Conclusion Based on the findings of the questionnaire changes need to be made to improve the work place environment like recognition of employees in organization, involving them in decision making and lastly incorporating incentives and bonuses in salaries to improve performance (Kuvaas,2009). References. Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014).Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Cerasoli, C. P., Nicklin, J. M., Ford, M. T. (2014). Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic incentives jointly predict performance: A 40-year meta-analysis.Psychological bulletin,140(4), 980. Kuvaas, B., Dysvik, A. (2009). Perceived investment in employee development, intrinsic motivation and work performance.Human resource management journal,19(3), 217-236. Paarlberg, L. E., Lavigna, B. (2010). Transformational leadership and public service motivation: Driving individual and organizational performance.Public administration review,70(5), 710-718. Zhang, X., Bartol, K. M. (2010). Linking empowering leadership and employee creativity: The influence of psychological empowerment, intrinsic motivation, and creative process engagement.Academy of management journal,53(1), 107-128

The Draft Law Essay Research Paper The free essay sample

The Draft Law Essay, Research Paper The bill of exchange jurisprudence otherwise known as the muster of soldiers to function their state, is one of the most controversial issues non merely in the United States but in the full world.Because of the history behind its yesteryear, argument has led up to show twenty-four hours about whether or non the Draft jurisprudence should be used. The bill of exchange jurisprudence goes back at least every bit far as scriptural times. It # 8217 ; s read in the Bible that the Lord had commanded Moses to garner all work forces over twenty old ages old that were able to travel fight in the war in Israel. Ancient Greece besides had imposed a bill of exchange upon its citizens. This thought was so passed onto Rome. In Europe in the seventeenth to the 19th centuries the bill of exchange jurisprudence was besides brought into usage because big ground forcess of professional soldiers were needed to contend the wars. We will write a custom essay sample on The Draft Law Essay Research Paper The or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In France, after the Gallic Revolution, all citizens were considered # 8220 ; soldiers of the province # 8221 ; . Napoleon, so the leader of France, used the bill of exchange to make immense ground forcess for conquering. In colonial America during the American Revolution, many provinces introduced the bill of exchange jurisprudence, and punished anyone who failed to follow with it. The American Revolution was fought by voluntaries and drafted work forces in the signifier of local ground forcess called reservess. Then after the war, Congress passed a reserves jurisprudence for all free work forces aged from 18 to 45 to hold military preparation. Since the jurisprudence provided no weaponries or officers and required merely four yearss of developing a twelvemonth, it had small or no consequence. The United States didn # 8217 ; Ts have a bill of exchange jurisprudence much after the American Revolution. But old ages subsequently, in 1917 when the United States had entered World War I, Congress passed the Selective Service Act. Harmonizing to this jurisprudence, work forces were selected in a lottery and work forces between the ages of 18 and 45 were drafted. Then in 1947 this bill of exchange jurisprudence was allowed to run out. But between 1947 and 1948 assorted new Torahs were passed. These Torahs said that every adult male had to register with his bill of exchange board when he became 18. In 1970, because of turning resistance to the bill of exchange, Congress decided to go through the Selective Service Act one time once more. Under this new act, merely work forces between the ages of 19 and 20 could be selected. Besides this new lottery system provided that the work forces drafted would merely hold to function for one twelvemonth. But following a drawn-out congressional argument about this act, the bill of exchange jurisprudence was extended for two old ages. After 1973, the authorization to outline work forces was allowe vitamin D to run out and service in the armed forces was put on a voluntary footing. The reinstitution of the bill of exchange jurisprudence has become a really problematic issue. This issue today has been divided into two sides ; people who would wish the bill of exchange jurisprudence reinstated and those who oppose it. The people who would wish to see the bill of exchange jurisprudence put into consequence have many grounds for their sentiment. Many believe that work force is the foundation for our national defence and that any major event that requires military action is to be a signal to reinstate the bill of exchange. They besides believe that if the ends of our state are deserving contending for so we should non waver to inquire all Americans to portion the duties the of contending. They feel this manner because they say they want to avoid the state of affairs that we had in the Vietnam War, when a greater proportion of minorities and people of lower income degrees ended up on the forepart lines. These people agree that the voluntary force is preferred over th e bill of exchange jurisprudence. The wage and educational benefits that the military provide today have helped to pull more middleclass Americans into the services. Today the voluntary system has filled the forces with people who want to be at that place. They are more motivated and easier to develop because they want to be at that place. Besides they are calling minded and ends orientated and therefore hold fewer subject jobs. All of the above mentioned would be missing in a force created by muster. Protest in the United States against the bill of exchange between 1950 and 1970 was really small if any at all during the Korean war from 1950 to 1953. Because of the those two decennaries, the bill of exchange jurisprudence had been drawn up in such a manner to let for a assortment of conditions under which work forces were excused from functioning. For illustration, many immature work forces escaped functioning because they chose to travel to college. In the early 1970 # 8217 ; s the opposition to the bill of exchange jurisprudence reemerged with strong negative feelings toward the Vietnam War. Much protest began and many immature work forces left the state in order to avoid being drafted. The bill of exchange was so abolished in 1973 and protest ended. My sentiment or whether or non the drafting of work forces should be used today is that I think it should be used merely when perfectly necessary. I believe this because if the bill of exchange jurisprudence is used, work forces with households or no desire to contend may be selected and because of personal jobs they may hold, bigger jobs than our deficiency of people to contend could come up.

Babylonian Mathematics and the Base 60 System

Babylonian Mathematics and the Base 60 System Babylonian mathematics used a sexagesimal (base 60) system that was so functional it remains in effect, albeit with some tweaks, in the 21st century. Whenever people tell time or make reference to the degrees of a circle, they rely on the base 60 system. Base 10 or Base 60 The system surfaced circa 3100 BCE, according to The New York Times. â€Å"The number of seconds in a minute - and minutes in an hour - comes from the base-60 numeral system of ancient Mesopotamia,† the paper noted. Although the system has stood the test of time, it is not the dominant numeral system used today. Instead, most of the world relies on the base 10 system of Hindu-Arabic origin. The number of factors distinguishes the base 60 system from its base 10 counterpart, which likely developed from people counting on both hands. The former system uses 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, and 60 for base 60, while the latter uses 1, 2, 5, and 10 for base 10. The Babylonian mathematics system may not be as popular as it once was, but it has advantages over the base 10 system because the number 60 â€Å"has more divisors than any smaller positive integer,† the Times pointed out. Instead of using times tables, the Babylonians multiplied using a formula that depended on knowing just the squares. With only their table of squares (albeit going up to a monstrous 59 squared), they could compute the product of two integers, a and b, using a formula similar to: ab [(a b)2 - (a - b)2]/4. The Babylonians even knew the formula that’s today known as the Pythagorean theorem. History Babylonian math has roots in the numeric system started by the Sumerians, a culture that began about 4000 BCE in Mesopotamia, or southern Iraq, according to ​USA Today. â€Å"The most commonly accepted theory holds that two earlier peoples merged and formed the Sumerians,† USA Today reported. â€Å"Supposedly, one group based their number system on 5 and the other on 12. When the two groups traded together, they evolved a system based on 60 so both could understand it.† That’s because five multiplied by 12 equals 60. The base 5 system likely originated from ancient peoples using the digits on one hand to count. The base 12 system likely originated from other groups using their thumb as a pointer and counting by using the three parts on four fingers, as three multiplied by four equals 12. The main fault of the Babylonian system was the absence of a zero. But the ancient Maya’s vigesimal (base 20) system had a zero, drawn as a shell. Other numerals were lines and dots, similar to what is used today to tally. Measuring Time Because of their mathematics, the Babylonians and Maya had elaborate and fairly accurate measurements of time and the calendar. Today, with the most advanced technology ever, societies still must make temporal adjustments - almost 25 times per century to the calendar and a few seconds every few years to the atomic clock. There’s nothing inferior about modern math, but Babylonian mathematics may make a useful alternative to children who experience difficulty learning their times tables.

Technical Writing for Engineers [The Ultimate Guide Course]

Technical Writing for Engineers [The Ultimate Guide Course] Engineers often believe technical writing to be highly-detailed documentation for fellow engineers. In fact, technical writing is a style that takes complex information and clearly explains it to a specific audience. Engineers are a great wealth of technical knowledge, however, they can struggle with how to prepare technical documents. Yet, by mastering this form of communication, engineers can enjoy important benefits. This article will outline how the challenges can become benefits and identify strategies for engineers to achieve great technical writing. We also offer a course that teaches technical writing to engineers. You can learn more about this course by clicking the button below. hbspt.cta._relativeUrls=true;hbspt.cta.load(41482, '83300502-8324-43ca-96f7-5319276ffbe7', {}); Challenges versus Benefits An engineer is a writer. Or at least, they should be a writer. Communicating technical information can be just as important as developing it. Adding technical writing to your toolkit will add a surprising amount of value to your career. Writing is an important part of the engineering process. Whether you’re a beginner or looking to refine your writing, this guide takes you through engineers’ common writing challenges, the benefits to overcoming them and tangible solutions to help you do just that. Challenge #1: Communicating Technical Knowledge If you’ve ever wondered why your boss or technician hasn’t understood the importance of a particular concept, the problem is likely communication. When too many technical details are presented in a report or other document, the crucial ones can get buried. Engineers often write technical documents as if their audience were fellow engineers. However, the audience is always changing. The reader of one document may be an expert while the reader of your next document may be a business-minded executive or a consumer. Writing for a non-engineering audience is a significant, important challenge. Benefit #1: Increased clarity and communication Good writing by an engineer will increase communication effectiveness. Directing your writing to the intended audience will allow the reader to understand the content on the first read, rather than needing to ask for additional details or explanation. By understanding the audience’s goal in reading the document, you as the writer can highlight the important data. Only the most crucial supplementary or background information should be included. The information that is needed for a decision, instruction or education must take center stage. Good technical writing will save time, avoid misunderstanding and increase workplace efficiency by promoting good communication between engineers and other staff. Solution: Use Technical Writing Style There is a major misconception that a complex and scholarly text is good technical writing. However, the opposite is true. Elaborate text often confuses the reader and conceals the purpose. Keeping the information accessible is most important. Technical writing uses the simplest and most direct language to convey the information. The tone is neutral and professional. To achieve this tone, use the active voice in your writing. Choose your words carefully so you use the fewest words possible while being precise. Avoid jargon and use clearly-explained terms instead. These strategies will create a text that effectively communicates technical details. Solution: Enhance with Graphics Good graphics support good writing. Include diagrams or schematics where they add value and increase reader comprehension. They should be directly referenced within the text and clearly explained in a caption. Challenge #2: â€Å"But no one ever reads it...† Some engineers get frustrated by the fact that their reports gather dust. Documenting can seem like a customary process with no real value. Why write a text that will never be read? The problem is not with the reader, but with the text itself. Technical documents that bury crucial information or are difficult to understand can delay reading, decision-making or worse, be altogether overlooked. A good technical document is written for a specific purpose and defined audience. Therefore, it is written to be read. Benefit #2: Valuable Career Skill Imagine how many crucial details get buried in elaborate yet inaccessible engineering reports. These reports make the reader hunt for the information they need. Engineers who can convey that essential information improve communication inside companies. Better communication ultimately increases efficiency and productivity. For this reason, employers view engineers with good communication and technical writing skills as highly valuable. Technical prowess is not enough. Technical writing can differentiate your skillset, leading to better employment prospects and higher job security. Solution: Know Your Audience Ignoring the audience is one of the biggest writing mistakes for engineers. The reader will be different for each document. To write well, you must know their knowledge of the field, relationship to the department or company, and purpose for reading. In the planning process, ask yourself, ‘Who is my reader?’. Then, write out this information so that you are aware of it and have a constant visual reminder. Keeping the audience top of mind will change the way you write your document. While you’re writing, ask yourself ‘Would my reader understand this text?’. If the answer is no, re-write it. If the answer is yes, you are producing good technical writing. Solution: Plan Effectively A technical document without a plan is like a ship without a captain. It is difficult to navigate and takes, long a long time to reach its goal (if ever!). As an engineer, you will have a deep understanding of the topic. For most reports, the reader needs to know only a fraction of your expertise. The planning process is crucial for separating the information that needs to be included from the rest. Be wary of details. The reader generally needs to know the implication of high-level specifications, not the specifications themselves. Once you’ve highlighted the necessary information, it can be organized into a coherent overview. Planning can take many forms. We recommend using a mind-map to capture and visualize the document. Other writers may prefer a pen-and-paper sketch or a spreadsheet outline. The format does not matter so long as it allows an effective and efficient plan for your document. Challenge #3: Making Time for Writing Writing often takes a back-seat to ‘real’ work. Sometimes, there can be not enough hours in the day to complete technical work, let alone to write it down. Documenting can feel secondary, and therefore gets little time allocated to it. It can be helpful to set aside time for writing where there are no distractions. Don’t wait until the end of the day to write your documents. Additionally having a quiet space can ensure you are focused without distractions. Benefit #3: Records and Completes Work Great work does not share itself. The most innovative concepts can be lost if they exist only in the laboratory. Technical writing records engineering work and allows it to reach beyond the engineering department. In addition, documentation provides a mark of completion. Some projects have a clear end point, while others can be vague. Documenting, including outstanding work for future, finalizes a project. Solution: Prioritize Writing Writing should not be an afterthought. For each major activity, documentation should be integrated into project management and time planning. By considering writing as part of the engineering process, creating the text will feel less onerous and more natural. Do not leave the writing to the last minute, as rushed writing is generally bad writing. Carve out time to plan, write and review the document. Solution: Engage in the Review Cycle As you get ready to review, take advantage of the available software tools. Check your text through both Microsoft Word’s Spelling and Grammar check with its Readability tool and the online Grammarly tool. Then, review the document again with the audience in mind. The most effective trick is to read the text aloud. Reading will highlight awkward phrases, unnecessary words, and repetition. The review process takes many forms. Most engineering companies have an internal review process using some variation of first draft-revised draft-final version. The revisions are completed by colleagues, supervisors or fellow experts. Understand the company’s review process and integrate into your writing timeline. The review provides a fresh perspective. Feedback and edits improve the document and offer valuable lessons for future writing. Take advantage of this learning opportunity. The review process can also be informal. If the executive you’re preparing the document for and your best friend have a similar level of knowledge of the topic, ask your friend to review your text. Friends and family can be a great resource to review your text for non-expert readability and accessibility. You can also ask your colleagues to do an initial review before sending it to the formal review. Additionally many engineering firms offer technical writing courses for their employees. These courses often come with document feedback and review. This allows you to receive objective feedback on the structure, style, and tone of your writing. Conclusion and Further Reading Good technical writing shines a light on important engineering work. Improving technical writing is not an overnight process, but one that provides big value to your work, your company and your career. To learn more, check out the following links: IEEE Professional Communication Society - Communication Resources for Engineers Engineer’s Guide to Technical Writing by K. Budinski'

Catholic Identity Response Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Catholic Identity Response - Assignment Example For example, the school’s mission is a reflection of the Catholic identity acting as a key reminder of the school’s Catholic identity to everyone interacting with it. Additionally, St. Joachim’s curriculum has is within the confines of ‘Blest Are We Series that corresponds to teachings of Catholic faith’. As such, Catholic resources such as teacher magazines and websites promoting Catholic faith such as Holy Heroes are allowed in the school. This is further facilitated by the annual assessments on religion in grades five and eight, enabling general sampling of the school’s levels of faith ranking it above national norms over the years. The annual assessments also act as resources to identify areas that need to be improved on by gauging performance of different areas. Moreover, religion projects and activities such as visiting places of worship and earning a minimum of sixty hours of community service as a graduation requirement advanced by the school has heavily promoted development of religion. To shape religious life outside the school, parents and guardians are invited to prayer gatherings and weekly masses. Additionally, the Catholic environment is improved by the sacramental displays such as the mosaic of Mary throughout the institution. Furthermore, the faculty annually participates in catechetical formation where teachers attend Diocesan congress and retreats thereby improving their spirituality. These entire efforts merge together to create, develop, ad maintain a Catholic identity and the general spirituality of St. Joachim

Financial Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial Management - Essay Example In order to cope up with this era of efficient and advanced technology NYSE has an advanced computerized system and more than 50% of its trading takes place electronically. (Stock Market Investing Guide) National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations (NASDAQ) dates back its origin to 1790. It became a public company in 1987. It is the first company that sold and offered its own technology to empower other exchanges of the world. NASDAQ is also the first exchange to offer double listing and it has also consolidated the Global Market to great extents. NASDAQ has improved its technology, trade and business magnificently since last few years. Innovation lies in the roots of the company. They work to collaborate the dreamers with the doers. After a consistent and efficient growth rate since last 10 years NASDAQ now operates in 26 different locations with in 17 countries. To control the functions of such an immense organization scientific technology is a necessity therefor e NASDAQ has a completely computerized system where all the trading takes place electronically. (NASDAQ OMX) Whenever there is a discussion about stock market the two names that strike one’s mind urgently are NASDAQ and NYSE. The two of the biggest plat forms where trading of stocks takes place. Both of these organizations have a major share in worldwide or Global Market. The major similarity between both these organizations is that they deal with the trading that is buying and selling of stocks. These are the platforms where buyers and sellers meet each other and have transactions settled between them. Another common factor between NASDAQ and NYSE is that both of them are public entities where different companies can get enlisted. (The NYSE And Nasdaq: How They Work). Apart from these factors there is a large difference between the working mechanism and operating system of both the organizations. The basic difference between NASDAQ and NYSE is their â€Å"location†. L ocation here does not refers to an address but instead it’s the place or floor where trading takes place. In NYSE trading takes place on physical floors that is the traders (buyers and sellers) gather on New York trading place and buy or sell the stocks physically by themselves. Where as in NASDAQ trading of stocks takes place through an electronic medium (telecommunication). People here do not meet each other at some place to make arrangements and decisions about the value and price of their stock but instead investors and buyers or sellers have direct transactions among them through telecommunication. Another difference is that NASDAQ is a dealers market where buyers and sellers do not transact with each other directly but instead there is a dealer who facilitates trade among them. On the other hand NYSE is an auction market where individuals (buyers and sellers) physically indulge in trading and an auction takes place in which the maximum offered price is matched with the minimum demanded price. In NASDAQ the dealer who is also known as the market maker deals with the problems, flaws and errors that might hinder company’s growth and progress. Whereas, in NYSE there is a person, known as a specialist, who is responsible for taking care of such issues. There is also a difference between the companies which are listed in both the markets. In NASDAQ there is a higher ratio of technology oriented companies that deal in electronics. However, most of the

The prince of Verona Essay Example for Free

The prince of Verona Essay In this essay, I will be comparing the way the 400 years old William Shakespeares film Romeo and Juliet was transformed by Baz luharmann for the understanding of the modern audience. Romeo and Juliet was written by William Shakespeare 400 years ago. In the past plays were acted in the theatre. The plays were totally different from the way they are now. The theatre had a stage where the play was to be acted; this had an entrance and an exit. There was no lighting and no scenery; there was also a balcony on the first floor where some scenes were acted. Below the stage was where the audience stood to watch the play. There were also two galleries. At the top of the building there was a flag to show there was a play in progress. This is a sign for the illiterate population, who couldnt read notices. A Prologue is a piece of useful information before a play or story is acted. It tells us what we are supposed to expect. In Shakespeares time the narrator would have come out before the play started to deliver the prologue to the audience. This is very important as there is no form of scenery or lighting to describe the location or what is happening. Hence, the audience have to be attentive and listen to everything that is said in the play. This can be illustrated in this quotation In fair Verona, where we lay our scene. This is a typical statement a narrator will say when delivering the Prologue to inform the audience where the play is taking place. Baz Luhrmanns film has a totally different way of presenting the prologue. In this present day we have newscasters who give us information about what is happening internally and externally. This is the device Baz Luhrmanns uses. The film starts with a television set and a newscaster reading the news. This is the way the prologue is first presented. She talks about the setting in fair Verona, where we lay our scene, she talks about the main story and characters in this quotation two households both alike in dignity and she also says short statements which are a brief summary of the play. At the top right corner of the screen there is a picture of a broken ring and below it are these words; star crossed lovers. This illustrates that there is love and a broken relationship between two lovers in the film. Also the broken ring suggests that the lovers relationship will be but a short one as it is destined to end in tragedy. Also there is dramatic operatic music at the background; it suggests the film will most likely be a tragedy as is often seen in grand operas. The Prologue is delivered again. This is very different from the first time; it contains flashes of scenes in the film/ informative clips. This prologue has a voiceover of Friar. He is the perfect person for this job because he knows the story from the start to the end. The clips are very informative. The two towers with the names MONTAGUE AND CAPULET suggest wealth and probably business rivalry, which a modern audience would understand. It also shows they are both well-to-do families. We can also say they are of the same status: It also has shots of the statues of Jesus and Mary this shows a church is involved and it reflects the Catholic religion practised in Verona. There are also flashes of murder, city in flames, police aircraft. People in these flashes have worried and troubled looks on their faces. There is also this newspaper article with a caption ANCIENT GRUDGE. This explains that the two families have had this grudge for years and generations. This is because a modern audience is literate; the film director can use text on the screen, whereas Shakespeares original audience could not read. The line civil blood makes civil hands unclean is illustrated using the flashes of fire in the streets, bloodshed, and violence. Another major difference between the films is the names and appearance. In Shakespeares original play the heads of the families were just called Lady and Lord Capulet or Montague and to differentiate the families they would have probably used red clothes for a family and blue for another family. This is totally different in Baz Luhrmanns film. He gives the characters names. The Capulets are Fulgencio and Gloria. This suggests they originated from Italy. Caroline and Ted Montague are of north European origin. The audience are now aware that the families are both business rivals and from different communities. Their appearances also differ: the Montagues are blond and blue eyed and the Capulets have a Mediterranean appearance. Act 1 Scene 1 then begins and the music changes. The music that follows the film is a classic and tragic kind of music. It is giving the audience clues about immerse drama and tragedy of what they are to witness. It is a hi-life, hip-pop music followed by the arrival of the Montague boys. They arrive in a yellow car with the music turned on loudly. They wear bright-coloured beach shirts. Their car plate number even has Mi n, their family name on it. This entry is very common to the modern audience. It is the usual show-off of young boys from a rich background, who like to party and are carefree. The scene is well lit and shows a cool happy atmosphere. The music changes at the arrival of the Capulets. It is now a menacing kind of music. It sends a dangerous, serious, down-to-earth kind of music. The Capulets arrive in a stylish fashion with cowboy boots that have steel plates on them; they come in black official suits with bullet belts. They have a purposeful serious look. They portray the real bad-boys attitude, ready to fight. All this takes place in a gas station the equivalent of the public haunt of men. The Montague boys sight their enemy. They both start taunting each other. Abra Capulet starts it; it all seems like a comic. Then Tybalt who is Juliets cousin comes out, and takes a step further. The Montagues despite all their loud behaviour seen reluctant to fight, but Tybalt, who is a trouble- maker, brings out his gun and starts shooting. The Montagues start defending themselves, leading it to a real fight. It gets to a climax when Tybalt drops his cigar and the place goes up in flames drawing the attention of the police. The mayhem which follows is very familiar to the audience who see action movies. The Prince of Verona is updated to be the chief of police. He is the peace maker and makes a stand. He calls both head of the families and tells them if any fight reoccurs disturbing the peace of the streets they will pay for it with their lives. In conclusion, I think Baz Lurhmann has done a very good job. The music interprets and indicates the stage of the scenes. Instead of swords, they use guns which are a normal sight to a modern audience as they are used to watching action films. The dressing also speaks a lot of the characters, so does the body language, especially that of Tybalt: his looks, his pose and the way he carries himself suggest trouble. The violent scene shows irresponsibility and senselessness of the feud. It is this pointless violence that destroys the lives of the innocent lovers ROMEO AND JULIET whom the play is named after and whom we meet later in the play. Finally, I think the opening is very effective as everyone can understand through the clips and well delivered Prologue. The costume and setting of the scene are also important as it speaks to the Audience even if they do not understand the Shakespearean language.

Microsoft Xbox :: essays research papers

In the console-gaming world people know Sony and Nintendo. Microsoft may be the largest and richest software company in the world, but it’s unknown when it comes to console gaming. Microsoft is counting on the Xbox to change that perception. Gamers may not be willing to take a chance with the Microsoft Xbox, even if it is far superior to any console ever made. Nintendo Gamecube is nothing if charismatic. Nintendo’s new machine is half the size of any other console and looks like a toy with its brightly colored plastic shell and handle. It’s destined to be home of such popular games as Mario, Donkey Kong, Pikachu, and Kirby. Nintendo Gamecube seems mismatched as it goes up against the Microsoft Xbox and the Sony Playstation 2 (a multimedia mayhem that Sony says it’s supposed to be â€Å"The Future Of Entertainment†). All this makes you think; what makes Nintendo believe it can possibly go up against the ultra-sophisticated Xbox. The Microsoft Xbox has powerful components within that overpower any other console, including its CPU or it’s Central Processing Unit. The Xbox runs an Intel Pentium III 733-megahertz (MHz) processor. This is a lot more powerful than Nintendo Gamecube’s IBM Power PC 485-megahertz Gekko chip processor and even lower the Sony Playstation 2’s 128 bit â€Å"Emotion Engine† which is clocked around 294-megahertz. A few more components that make this console far superior to any other is its graphics processor, or GPU, which stands for Graphic Processing Unit. Microsoft had teamed up with Nvidia to create a chip that was made especially for the Xbox. The computer-based company ‘s 250-megahertz chip gives the console an amazing resolution of 1920x1080 pixels and 125 Million Polygons per Second. Sixty four- (64) megabytes (Mb) of DDRam back all this up, for great non-glitch games and smooth running. Nintendo also has a computer-based company teaming up with th em to create the 162-megahertz ATI Flipper GPU Chip. This chip can only handle around 6-12 Million polygons a second and is only backed up by 43-megabytes of DDRam. Another feature that is a first in the console industry is Xbox’s internal 8-Gigabyte (Gb) Hard-Drive or Hard Disk Drive (Hdd). This contributes too much of Xbox’s weight, but gives many features. With this you don’t have a need for a memory card to save your game files, you save them right to the hard-drive. This is a very nice feature on the Xbox, because it saves you money.

Music LessonBrandenburg

Write a brief definition of: Tonality Modulation Harmony Chord Root First Inversion Seventh Chord Oh no it's a Theory Byte Technical Name for the notes of the scale. As LIMIT ACID Key Relationships Key Signatures F C G DAD B Order of sharps C] Semitone above = name of key. BEAD G CB order of flats Name of PENULTIMATE flat = key signature All major keys have related minor – same key signature. Minor 3rd below key note e. G. G major relative minor is E Minor. Circle of Fifths Tonality and Harmony Class work – Discuss: 0 TonalPlan and Key Relationships CLC Modulations L] Analysis of Chords and Cadences C] Circle of Fifths. Private Study Tasks Continue working on your composition using the feedback/targets we discussed. Don't forget Deadline One is 1 9th October. Make sure that your Brandenburg score notes are fully complete as we will be working on questions next week in preparation for an assessment in the final week. Listen to the piece a number of times – use you r annotated score to follow the music.Create a glossary of the key musical terms which link to the Brandenburg Concerto. Add musical examples where appropriate. (Retooling, Basso Continuo, Figured Bass, Flute a beck, Natural Trumpet, Arpeggio, Sequence (rising, falling), Ripen, Concertina, Counterpoint, Tutu, Unison, Trill, Dominant Seventh, Dominant Pedal, Syncopation, Homophobic, Diminished Seventh Chord, Circle of Fifths) Extra help Extra support with composition -? please book a slot of time with me. Period 5 on Friday. Theory Support. Mr. Reed is available on Friday periods 3 and 4.

Lynching: Southern United States and Male Roles Essay

Lynching in the South was a violent intimidation tactic used towards African Americans during the Civil Rights Movement. Lynching played a huge part during the Civil Rights Movement. Lynching had a negative effect on both blacks and whites; the justice system didn’t take lynching serious; Many African Americans were exploited for everyone to witness. Lynching in the South had a negative effect on both African Americans and whites during the Civil Rights Movement. A lot of black men became jobless, convicted, or killed which led to many black women playing the male roles to keep their families stable. The Ku Klux Klan and mobs plans were to prevent African Americans from getting an education, job, voting, and owning their own property, so as a result they terrorized them every day. Thousands of African Americans were lynched by white mobs. Some middle class whites sought out to put an end to lynching because it had gone too far. African Americans were psychologically scarred from witnessing other African Americans being lynched. The justice system abandoned their oversight of constitutional protections toward African Americans. Lynching could exist because the law enforcement would not prevent it. The government allowed lynching to carryon for years. Federal legislators tried to get bills passed to make lynching a federal crime but it failed. The government played a little role in protecting the safety of individuals. As a result The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People made anti-lynching campaigns; even after all the failed attempts the NAACP still was active to put an end to lynching.

Current Ethical issue essays

Current Ethical issue essays The newspaper article read, Iraq prisoner abuse detailed. At least one Iraqi prisoner died after interrogation, some were threatened with attack dogs and others were kept naked in tiny cells without running water or ventilation, according to an account written by military police sergeant who supervised a group o U.S. soldiers charged in a growing scandal over prisoner abuse in Iraq. The account of Staff Sgt. Ivan Chip Frederick portrayed a prison that spun out of control last fall as thousands of captured Iraqis poured into razor-wire confines (Honolulu Advertiser, Sunday May 2, 2004). The Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of war, 75 U.N.T.S. 135, entered into force October 21, 1950. Article 13 states, Prisoners of war must at all times be humanely treated. Any unlawful act or omission by the Detaining Power causing death or seriously endangering the health of a prisoner of war in its custody is prohibited, and will be regarded as a serious breach of the present Convention. In particular, no prisoner of war may be subjected to physical mutilation or to medical or scientific experiments of any kind, which are not justified by the medical, dental, or hospital treatment of the prisoner concerned and carried out in his interest. Likewise, prisoners of war must at all times be protected, particularly against acts of violence or intimidation, and against insults and public curiosity. Measures of reprisal against prisoners of war are prohibited (University of Minnesota Human Rights Library, May 4, 2004). What would cause a military police sergeant in the United States Armed Forces to make such an obvious breach of the Geneva Convention? I think many Americans are quick to judge, without taking all the facts into account, or for that matter ever being in a wartime situation, such as Ivan Frederick. The article in the Honolulu Advertiser stated, In some cases, as few as a dozen U.S. ...

Reasons Animals Become Endangered

Reasons Animals Become Endangered When an animal species is considered endangered, it means that the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has evaluated it as nearly extinct, which means that a significant portion of its range has already died off and the rate of birth is lower than the species death rate. Today, more and more animal and plant species are on the verge of extinction because of a variety of major factors that cause a species to become endangered, and as you might expect, humans play a role in quite a few of them. In fact, the biggest threat to endangered animals is human encroachment on their habitats. Fortunately, conservation efforts around the world are bent on helping these endangered animals revitalize their dwindling populations through a variety of humanitarian efforts, including curtailing illegal poaching, halting pollution, and habitat destruction, and curtailing the introduction of exotic species into new habitats. Habitat Destruction and Pollution Every living organism needs a place to live, but a habitat is not just a residence, it is also where an animal finds food, raises its young and allows the next generation to take over. Unfortunately, humans destroy animal habitats in a number of different ways: building houses, clearing forests to get lumber and plant crops, draining rivers to bring water to those crops, and paving over meadows to make streets and parking lots. In addition to physical encroachment, human development of animals habitats pollutes the natural landscape with petroleum products, pesticides, and other chemicals, which destroys food sources and viable shelters for the creatures and plants of that area. As a result, some species die outright while others are pushed into areas where they cant find food and shelter. Worse yet, when one animal population suffers it affects many other species in its food web so more than one species population is likely to decline. Habitat destruction is the number one reason for animal endangerment, which is why conservation groups work diligently to reverse the effects of human  developments. Many non-profit groups like the Nature Conservancy  clean up coastlines and establish nature preserves to prevent further harm to native environments and species around the world. Introduction of Exotic Species Destroys Delicate Food Systems An exotic species is an animal, plant, or insect that is introduced into a place where it did not evolve naturally.  Exotic species often have a predatory or competitive advantage over native species, which have been a part of a particular biological environment for centuries, because even though native species are well adapted to their surroundings, they may not be able to deal with species that closely compete with them for food. Basically, native species havent developed natural defenses for an exotic species and vice versa. One example of endangerment due to both competition and predation is the Galapagos tortoise. Non-native goats were introduced to the Galapagos Islands during the 20th century. These goats fed on the tortoises food supply, causing the number of tortoises to decline rapidly. Because the tortoises could not defend themselves or stop the overpopulation of goats on the island, they were forced to abandon their native feeding grounds. Many countries have passed laws banning specific exotic species known to endanger native habitats from entering the country. Exotic species are sometimes referred to as invasive species, especially in cases of banning them. For instance, the United Kingdom has placed raccoons, mongooses, and cabbages on their invasive species list, all of which are barred from entering the country. Illegal Hunting Can Endanger Species When hunters ignore rules that regulate the number of animals that should be hunted (a practice known as poaching), they can reduce populations to the point that species become endangered. Unfortunately, poachers are often hard to catch because they are deliberately trying to evade authorities, and they operate in areas where enforcement is weak. Furthermore, poachers have developed sophisticated techniques for smuggling animals. Baby bears, leopards, and monkeys have been sedated and stuffed into suitcases for transport. Live animals have been sold to people who want exotic pets or medical research subjects. And, animal pelts and other body parts are also secretly smuggled across borders and sold through black market networks of buyers who pay high prices for illegal animal products. Even legal hunting, fishing, and gathering of wild species can lead to population reductions that cause species to become endangered. A lack of restriction on the whaling industry in the 20th century is one example. It wasnt until several whale species were nearing  extinction  that countries agreed to abide by an international moratorium. Some whale species have rebounded thanks to this moratorium but others remain at risk.   International laws forbid these practices, and there are a number of government and nongovernment organizations (NGOs) whose sole purpose is to stop illegal poaching, especially of animals like elephants and rhinoceroses. Thanks to the efforts of groups like the International Anti-Poaching Foundation  and local conservation groups like the PAMS Foundation in Tanzania, these endangered species have human advocates fighting to protect them from outright extinction. How Are Animals Endangered? Of course, species endangerment and extinction can happen without human interference. Extinction is a natural part of evolution. Fossil records show that long before people came along, factors such as overpopulation, competition, sudden climatic change, and catastrophic events like volcanic eruptions and earthquakes drove the decline of numerous species. There are a few warning signs that a species could become extinct. If a species has some economic importance, such as the Atlantic salmon, it may be at risk. Surprisingly, large predators, who we might expect to have an advantage over other species, are often at risk as well. This list includes grizzly bears, bald eagles, and gray wolves. A species whose gestational period is lengthy, or who have small numbers of offspring at each birth has the potential to become endangered more readily. The mountain gorilla and California condor are two examples.  And species with weak genetic makeup, like manatees or giant pandas, have more risk of extinction with each generation.

Media Convergence in Contemporary Society Essay

Media Convergence in Contemporary Society - Essay Example Jenkins centers much of his argument upon the idea that freedom of the press has led to the establishment of the new media. Freedom is a large part of the way in which the convergence culture has been created, consumers now free to participate in the creation of communication. However, this culture is coming at a price. The technologies are improving and growing at fast rates that are difficult to continue to upgrade. The disposable culture has slipped to higher priced electronic items, making the use of the true world now a matter of socioeconomic status. As well, in having a culture that is so interlaced that a high school student has access to affecting world politics, credibility is suffering. In creating a convergence culture, freedoms have emerged that have broadened the interconnectivity of the world, but the price of these freedoms effect economic and journalistic credibility, thus causing a high cost to the consumer. In introducing his article about Henry Jenkins’ boo k about convergence media, Horowitz relates the story with which Jenkins begins his discussion about convergence culture. He tells the story of an American high school student who put together images with Bert, a character from Sesame Street, through Photoshop. The theme of the series of pictures done by this young man was ‘evil Bert’ with pictures of Bert with Adolf Hitler, Pamela Anderson, and Osama Bin Laden. Someone from a Bangladesh publisher was looking for images on the web of Osama Bin Laden for anti-American posters. The picture of Bert and Bin Laden ended up on posters throughout the Middle East, which eventually landed the image on CNN (Jenkins 1: Horowitz). This story contains the essence of convergence culture, where a high school aged boy can create a cut and paste image that ends up on anti-American posters on the other side of the world, which in turn show up on an American news service. Convergence means that multiple disciplines are impacted by the way in which consumers and media communicators interact, the consumer of information reacting and acting against the inflow of information from those who put that information out into the world. In a convergence culture, the consumer and the media communicators become interchangeable the consumer often taking on the role of the communicator putting his own ideas out into the media. Jenkins states that convergence culture is the â€Å"place where old media and new media collide, where grassroots and corporate media intersect, where the power of the media producer and the power of the media consumer interact in unpredictable ways† (Horowitz). The new forms of media have allowed consumers to have a much larger freedom in determining how they spend their time. Which media outlet gains attention has become a matter of large numbers of options, the consumer able to now choose which news, entertainment, or activity to participate with during their idle time. No longer is the consumer l ocked to the 5 o’clock news or the morning or evening paper, but can choose which outlet to interact with at what time is convenient. Even television is no longer precisely defined by time slots because most television programs can be seen through at the internet at the viewer’s convenience. Freedom of the press has allowed for new media forms to emerge, communication transforming into a free flowing network of information, consumer driven, but founded upon the concept that ideas have a need to be shared (Convergence,

European Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

European Law - Assignment Example The paper tells that the directives are outcome based, which means that the member states may implement the directive in the manner in which they choose, but they must implement regulations and laws which achieve the objectives of the directive. Directives are principle based because every nation has sovereignty, therefore they need to be free to implement their own laws, yet there must also be harmony in the international system. Therefore, by issuing principles to the member states in the EU, not rules to implement, directives accomplish the needed goal of harmonizing Union law while acknowledging the freedom that member states enjoy in implementing their own laws. In this case, there is a conflict between the directive set forth and the municipal law that the UK adopted to implement the directive. Specifically, the UK law is more draconian than the directive. A case which would helpful to Blokkia in this regard is that of Luciano Arcaro Case C-168/95. In this case, Luciano Arcaro was accused of discharging dangerous chemicals into water. In this case, the municipal law stated that there was a distinction between new plants and existing plants, and when the plant was existing, there was not a requirement for authorization for the discharges. The directive upon which this law was based did not make such a distinction. Therefore, if the directive is the law which governed this particular case, Arcaro, who was operating an existing plant, would be liable, as he did not get authorization to discharge these harmful chemicals. On the other hand, if the municipal law is the one which governed this case, Arcaro would not be liable and could not be prosecuted, as he was within the purview of the municipal law. The court in this case found that the municipal law would be the one which controlled. Their reasoning was that the directive imposed an obligation which hadn't been incorporated into existing municipal law, and it had the effect of aggravating the liability in criminal law for persons who act in contravention of this law. In this case, Blokkia might argue that the inverse of Arcaro would be true. This is that there is a contradiction between the directive and the municipal law. Specifically, the municipal law imposes criminal penalties for situations which the directive does not address. The directive does not state that mobile phones may not be sold to children under the age of 10, and that doing so would constitute a criminal offence. It does state that there must be warnings on these products and details about the risks printed on these packages. As in Arcaro, the directive and the municipal law are inconsistent, and the municipal law has the effect of aggravating the directive law. Blokkia is within the purview of the directive law, assuming that they did label the product and included the information that the directive requires, so it may state that, since the municipal law aggravates the directive, that the directive is the law whic h should govern, by using the logic of the Arcaro court. In the case of Federal Republic of Germany v. European Parliament and Council of the European Union Cas C-380/03, there is further instruction upon which Blokkia might rely. Specifically, this case concerned a directive which prohibited the advertising and sponsorship of tobacco products by the printed media and radio broadcasts. This case stated that there were disparities which existed between the individual Member States' national laws, and that these disparities were such that the free movement of goods and the freedom to provide services were implicated. This court notes that if there are disparities between the member states in implementing this directive's principles, such that it has a direct effect on the

The Penn State Sex Scandal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

The Penn State Sex Scandal - Essay Example Unfortunately, the identity of the boy remains to be unidentified. Cleary, Sandusky should be held accountable because he molested kids, ruined the reputation of the football program and jeopardized the careers of his colleagues. The first and foremost reason why Sandusky should be indicted is due to the fact he molested little kids during his 3 year tenure period. According to McQueary’s testimony, McQueary depicted a scene in which he entered the Lasch Football locker room and thought he heard voices that depicted sexual activity. He walked into a shower room and saw a naked boy Victim 2. McQueary insisted that the naked boy, Victim 2 was backed up against the shower and was subjected to anal intercourse. The next day, McQueary reported this horrific incident to Paterno, who conveyed this message to Paterno. However, Paterno had knowledge of this information but continued to bring this to the public. The investigation continued to grow stronger as the mother of a young child , who was identified in documents as â€Å"Victim 1. â€Å" To make matter worse, a mother of a boy who was a Central Mountain High School in Clinton County was also reported to be molested by Sandusky. The Grand Jury Investigation concluded that Sandusky evidently had an inappropriate relationship with that boy and was reported to have â€Å"illicit touching: with victim 1 since 2005. ...Both Curley and Schultz denied the fact that Sandusky had oral-anal sexual intercourse with the victim. Curley continued to refute the fact that McQueary told him anything of that nature and insisted that Sandusky was just playing around with kids. The second reason why Sandusky should be indicted and be prisoned is due to the fact that he clearly stained the football program at Penn State. Penn State football program was one of the most prominent and respectable programs in the NCAA. For the last 23 years in this football program, he was the team’s defensive coordinator. However, his hig h reputation as a coach saved was completely diminished after the scandal. Although Sandusky was considered to be â€Å"the heart and the soul† for the football team, this accusation was a huge stain in his reputation. Moreover, the whole football team lost its concentration to achieve the ultimate goal after the scandal had a crippling effect throughout the school. The â€Å"icing on the cake† that proves that Sandusky should be indicted is due to the fact that his horrific actions have jeopardized the professions of his colleagues. As a Penn State coach, Paterno had earned a very solid reputation as a football coach. However, after these accusations were indicted against Sandusky, Paterno and McQueary became victims. Paterno was fired shortly as Sandusky awaited trial. It was evident that the 85 years Paterno’s legacy was brutally plagued with this scandal. Paterno was notorious for assisting students with academics as he also donated to build a library at Pen n State.

Null Hypothesis And Alternative Hypothesis Philosophy Essay

Null Hypothesis And Alternative Hypothesis Philosophy Essay In order to survive in the business world, business units today are forced to innovate and launch the products immediately in the market. But this is easier said than done. Numerous factors come into the picture for this to materialise. Notably among them is the fact that too much cost factor which comes into the picture. For the product launching is well planned and thought off activity. The activities include conducting market surveys which in plain sense means that the business units are required to conduct or determine the feasibility of the new product within a limited area and then based on the results they take further course of action i.e. go ahead with the launch of the product or to drop the project altogether. In other words, business units conduct sample surveys i.e. obtaining the response on a small piece of the larger picture and then based on the results of the small piece, estimate the likely response on the larger piece of the picture. The small piece is known as the sample and the larger piece is known as the population. Thus the concept of sample and population plays a vital role and assists the management in taking core decisions which may or not prove fruitful in the survival of the business. In order, to take decisions based on the sample and to estimate the population parameters business units are required to start with some of the assumptions or the hypothesis. And, based on assumptions or hypothesis about the population it is tested meaning that whatever the assumption that they started with, whether the assumption was correct or incorrect. Thus we have hypothesis testing. Let us take an example to illustrate what has been said above. Suppose, the business units want to bring in a new product in the market which will increase the market share and hence the profitability of the business unit. In this case, the hypothesis would be introduction of new product will increase the profitability and based on this the survey would be conducted. The results of analysis of the data will reveal whether the hypothesis was correct or incorrect. This unit will cover the basics of hypothesis and its testing; the steps required to test the hypothesis. This unit will also cover the types and characteristics of hypothesis and the like. Objectives After studying this unit, the reader will be able to: Understand the basic concepts of hypothesis Understand the various types and the characteristics of hypothesis Understand the steps involved in the testing of hypothesis Understand the two tailed and the one tailed tests involved in the testing of hypothesis Understand the criterion when to accept or when to reject the hypothesis Understand the manner in which decisions are to be taken on the basis of the results arrived during the process of testing of hypothesis 6.2 Defining Hypothesis In order to discuss the basics of hypothesis testing in detail let us now, define what is meant by hypothesis. Simply speaking, hypothesis is a unit of the inferential statistics (i.e. the branch of statistics which is used to infer information on the collected data) which is used to test a claim about the larger portion (which is called population) based on the data collected from the smaller part known as sample. In other words hypothesis testing is the process of staking claim based on the values obtained from the sample. Let us take an example in order to drive home the point illustrated above. A manufacturer involved in the manufacturing of types claims that the average life of their tires will last at least 70,000 kms. We want to test the claim made by the manufacturer. The process we will adopt is to take a sample of tires, run them until they see how many kms. on average they have lasted. If the sample has lasted over 70,000 kms, then we do have the reason to believe that the claim is correct and that all the other tires they produce will also last 70,000 kms. miles. In arriving at this conclusion, we may commit the following We may incorrectly say the tires do not last at least 70,000 kms when in fact they do last We may incorrectly say the tires do last at least 70,000 kms when in fact they do not Thus, we may commit some errors during the process of staking the claim to the hypothesis we have formulated. This aspect will be covered in next section Self Assessment Questions True or False Managers are required to make decisions Hypothesis is an assumption about something which is taken to be true We may commit some errors in the process of testing of hypothesis 6.3 Characteristics of Hypothesis Having understood the definition of hypothesis, let us now understand the characteristics of hypothesis. The following are the characteristics of hypothesis. A hypothesis is based on reasoning which appears to be justified This simply means that the hypothesis we have formulated should be based on the previous research and the hypothesis should follow the most likely outcome not the exceptional outcome. For example, we should form the hypothesis regarding the launching of new product on the basis of the previous data which was analysed and which prompted us to take further steps such as market research and the like A hypothesis should provide a reasonable explanation for the outcome which is to be predicted This means that the hypothesis formulated should not focus on the unrealistic outcome i.e. the hypothesis should be based on the realistic scenario. For example, an hypothesis such as our new software will surpass the sales of the software dealer who is leading the software market or that our software will sell very well on the surface of the moon. All these are unrealistic. A hypothesis should clearly state the relationship between the variables that are defined This simply means that the hypothesis should not be vague. It should be in plain simple terms and in a language which is simple to understand. For example, the hypothesis that the MIS report will be printed somewhat in 3 to 4 minutes is ambiguous and confusing. A hypothesis defines the variables measurable terms This means that the hypothesis focus on the aspects such as who all would be affected; who are the players in the process and the like. For example, hypothesis, that the product will work correctly for 2 months for small children. A hypothesis is testable in a given or sufficient amount of time This means that the hypothesis is tested within a finite amount of time. An hypothesis which cannot be tested within the finite amount of time will never be tested nor accepted Self Assessment Questions Fill in the blanks A hypothesis is _________ in a given period of ______________ Hypothesis defines __________ in measurable terms Hypothesis should define the ________ between the variables 6.4 Types of Hypothesis Having understood the basic terminology of hypothesis let us now discuss the types of hypothesis. Though we have just scratched the types of hypothesis, let us now go deeper into the detail of types of hypothesis. Hypothesis are of various types. Some of them are discussed below Null hypothesis Alternate hypothesis Simple Hypothesis Complex hypothesis Null Hypothesis This hypothesis is formulated when the statistician believes that there is no relationship between two variables or when there is insufficient information to formulate a state a research hypothesis. It is denoted by H0 Alternate hypothesis This hypothesis is the opposite of Null hypothesis. it is formulated then the researcher believes that there is sufficient information to believe that there is relationship between the variables. It is represented as H1 or H µ Simple hypothesis This hypothesis predicts the relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable. Both the variables must be single variables    Complex hypothesis This hypothesis is used to predict the relationship between two or more independent variables and two or more dependent variables Examples of different types of Hypothesis Health related education programmes influence the number of people who smoke Newspapers affects peoples living standard Absenteeism in classes affects exam scores Lower levels of exercise is responsible for increase in weight Self Assessment Questions True or False Complex hypothesis is used to predict the relationship between two or more independent variable with two or more dependent variables Alternate hypothesis is opposite to null hypothesis 6.5 Hypothesis Testing Having understood the various types of hypothesis let us dwell on the important point of hypothesis testing. As stated above hypothesis means that we verify the claim on the larger unit based on the data and the results obtained by performing statistical tests on the data. let us now look at the steps involved in the testing of hypothesis. the following are the steps : Describe in a statement about the population characteristic for which the hypotheses is to be tested State the null hypothesis and depict as Ho State the alternative hypothesis depict it as H1 or Ha Identify and display the test statistic that will be used Identify the region of rejection region Is it on the upper, lower, or on the two-tailed test Determine the critical value that will be associated as a, the level of significance at which the test is to be conducted Compute the quantities in the test statistic State the conclusion based on the computed statistics meaning that it is now to be decided as to whether reject the null hypothesis, Ho, or accept the alternate hypothesis. The conclusion is dependent on the level of significance of the test. Figure 1 provides a graphical view of the steps involved in the testing of hypothesis Figure 1 Steps involved in the testing of hypothesis 6.6 Difference between Null Hypothesis and Alternative Hypothesis In the previous units we have understood the basics of null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis, let us now discuss the difference between these types of hypothesis. the following are the differences Null hypothesis is used to describe the prediction while alternative hypothesis describes other possible outcomes. For example, if we predict A is related to B which is null hypothesis while the alternative hypothesis will be A is not related to B meaning that A can be teacher of B, A can be mentor of B and so on The alternative hypothesis can be negative but it does not necessarily mean a negation of null hypothesis but rather that it is a measure of finding out whether the null hypothesis is true or not meaning that whether it should be accepted or it should be rejected Alternative hypothesis provides an opportunity to look at other things and other possibilities where as null hypothesis provides the presence or absence of the same meaning that when we deal with null hypothesis our focus becomes restricted while in the case of alternative hypothesis our focus needs to be wider 6.7 Decision Rule Decision rules are the procedures that enable us to determine whether the findings of the observed samples are in sharp contradiction i.e. there is significant difference from the results that were expected and which will thus help us to decide whether to accept or reject hypotheses are called rules of decision or simply decision rules. Let us take an example in order to illustrate what has been said with regard to decision rule. Suppose that we toss a coin 50 times and get head 42 times and if we had the null hypothesis that the coir is fair. Now in this scenario, there is sufficient reason to believe that the coin is biased based on the output obtained although we may be wrong in this manner. In the current scenario, the observations are saying something else in comparison to our hypothesis, hence, we are in a dilemma as to accept or reject the hypothesis. Procedures , which assist us in deciding whether to accept or reject the hypothesis when there is significant difference between the observed and the stated are know an Decision Rules. Type I and Type II errors It is in situations like the above, that we may commit errors or mistakes which are classified as Type I or Type II errors. Type I error is when we reject the hypothesis when it should have been accepted Type II error is when we accept a hypothesis when it should have been rejected From the above definitions, in both the cases a wrong decision has been made. Hence, it becomes imperative that we need to minimize the errors while making decisions. Level of Significance While testing the given hypothesis the maximum risk that we can take for Type I error is called the level of signi ¬Ã‚ cance of the test. This is denoted by Greek letter Alpha ÃŽÂ ±. It is decided before hand so that they do not influence the choice of our decisions. 6.8 Two tailed and one tailed tests In order to understand the concept of two tailed and one tailed tests, consider the following scenario. Let us have a null hypothesis H0  and an alternative hypothesis H1. We want to conduct the test and determine whether we should reject the null hypothesis in favour of alternative hypothesis. Thus, we have two different types of test which can be performed viz. One Tailed test and Two Tailed test One-tailed  test seeks to look for an increase or decrease in the parameter under consideration while two-tailed  test seeks to look for any change in the parameter We can carry out the test at any level 1%, 5% or 10% are the common levels. For example, when we perform the test at a 5% level it means that there is a 5% chance of wrongly rejecting H0 that is null hypothesis on the other hand If we perform the test at the 5% level and decide to reject the null hypothesis, we say that there is a significant evidence at 5% to suggest that the hypothesis is false. One-Tailed Test For the one tailed test we choose a critical region. In a one-tailed test, the critical region will have one part. If the sample value lies in this region, we will reject the null hypothesis in favour of the alternative On the other hand , if we want to look for definite decrease. Then the critical region will be to the left. Example Suppose we are given that in a  Poisson distribution  and we want to test hypothesis on the mean,  based upon a sample of observation 3. Suppose the hypotheses are: H0:  l  = 9   H1:  l   We want to test if it is reasonable for the value observed to be 3 to have been derived from Poisson distribution with having a parameter value of 9. What is the probability that the value as low as 3 has come from a Poisson distribution have the value 9? P(X  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 3) = 0.0212 (this has been obtained from Poisson table) The probability is less than 0.05, which means that there is less than a 5% chance that the value has come from a Poisson(3) distribution. The null hypothesis should be rejected in favour of the alternative at the 5% level. Two-Tailed Test In a two-tailed test, we look for either an increase or a decrease. Hence, for example, H0  might be that the mean is equal to 9 (as before). This time, however, H1  would be that the mean is not equal to 9. So, In this case, therefore, the critical region has two parts: Example Lets test the parameter p of a  Binomial distribution  at the 10% level. Suppose a coin is tossed 10 times and we get 7 heads. We want to test whether or not the coin is fair. If the coin is fair, p = 0.5 . Put this as the null hypothesis: H0: p = 0.5 H1: p à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   0.5 Because this is a 2-tailed test, the critical region also has two parts. Half of the critical region is to in the right and other half is in the left. So the critical region contains both the top 5% of the distribution and the bottom 5% of the distribution (as we are testing at the 10% level). If H0  is true, X ~ Bin(10, 0.5). If the null hypothesis is true, what is the probability that X is 7 or above? P(X à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 7) = 1 P(X Is this in the critical region? No- because the probability that X is at least 7 is not less than 0.05 (5%), which is what we need it to be. So there is no significant evidence to reject the null hypothesis at 10% level of significance 6.9 Procedure of Hypothesis testing Having understood the basics of hypothesis, let us now dwell on the procedure which is to be followed in the testing of hypothesis. The following are the steps that are to be followed. State null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis State the level of significance. This gives us the tabulated values Select the appropriate test Calculate the required values for the test Conduct the test Draw the conclusions 6.10 Summary A hypothesis is necessary in todays business world as the managers are required to take decisions and they need to have a starting point Hypothesis is widely used in the conduct of market surveys The concept of sample and population is widely used in the testing of hypothesis Hypothesis is a unit of inferential statistics Hypothesis is based on reasoning which appears to be justified Null hypothesis is formed when there is n relationship between the variables Alternative hypothesis is the reverse of null hypothesis Decisions rules provide the basis for accepting the or rejecting the hypothesis Type I error is when we reject the hypothesis when it should have been accepted Type II error is when we accept the hypothesis when we should have rejected it 6.11 Terminal Questions What is the significance of hypothesis testing? What is meant by Type I and Type II errors? Explain with examples What is the difference between Null hypothesis and Alternative hypothesis? Explain the steps involved in the testing of hypothesis. 6.12 Answers Self Assessment Questions True False True Testable Time Variables Relationship True True 6.13 Suggested Reading Books Testing statistical hypothesis, Lehmann, Joseph Hypothesis testing with SPSS, Jim Mirabella Fundamentals of Statistics, Michael Sullivan Fundamentals of Statistics, S.C. Gupta Fundamentals of Statistics, Trueman Lee Kelly Introductory Probability And Statistical Applications, Meyer Fundamental of Statistics, Vol II, Goon, Gupta and Dagupta An Outline of Statistical Theory, Vol I, Goon, Gupta and Dagupta A Basic Course in Statistics, Clarke, Geoffrey and Cooke, John Wiley Sons Basic Statistics, Nagar Das Quantitative Techniques for Decision Making, Anand Sharma Statistics for economists: A beginning, John E. Floyd The Elements of Statistical Learning, Trevor Hastie, Jerome Friedman. Introduction to Statistical Thought, Michael Lavine Web Resources en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_hypothesis_testing www.slideshare.net/vikramlawand/test-of-hypothesis www.sagepub.com/upm-data/40007_Chapter8.pdf www.iasri.res.in/ebook//2/4-TEST%20OF%20HYPOTHESIS.pdf www.math.uah.edu/stat/hypothesis/index.html www.angelfire.com/wv/bwhomedir/notes/z_and_t_tests.pdf www.20bits.com/article/hypothesis-testing-the-basics www.amstat.org/publications/jse/v11n3/java/Hypothesis/ math.bu.edu/people/nkatenka/MA113/Lecture_10_Notes.pdf www.pstcc.edu/facstaff/jwlamb/Math1530/7.2rvsd.ppt 6.14 Glossary Aggregate  It is the collection of small units which results in one complete entity. For example the aggregation of the total inhabitants of towns and villages and mega cities results in the population of the country Alpha Level  The probability that the statistical test will find difference between the groups which is significant when there are none. This is also termed as the probability of making a Type I error or as the significance level of statistical test. Alternative Hypothesis  The hypothesis that states that there is some difference between two or more groups. It is the alternative to null hypothesis, which states that there is no difference among the groups. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)  A test that determines whether the means of two or more groups is significantly different. Association  It is a type of relationship between objects or variables. Average  A single value which may be mean, median or mode and represents the typical, normal, or the middle value of a given set of data. Axiom  A statement widely accepted as truth. Bell-Shaped Curve  A curve which is the characteristic of a normal distribution, which is symmetrical about the mean. The area under the normal curve is 1.0. Beta Level  It is the probability of making an error due to the result of the chance variations when in actuality they are due to the differences of the result of the experimental manipulation or intervention. It is also referred to as the probability of making a Type II error. Bias  They are the influences that contribute to the distortions of the results Categorical Data  They are also referred to as the nominal data. They are for indicative purpose only Causal Analysis  An analysis that seeks to establish the cause and effect relationships between variables. Central Tendency  A measure that describes the central characteristic of the distribution. Comparability  It is the quality of two or more entities that are to be evaluated for their similarity and differences. Confidence Interval  A range of estimated values that provides the best estimate regarding the populations values. Confidence Level  It is the percentage which represents the number of times that a confidence interval will include the true population value. Consistency  It is the process in which similar responses are demonstrated throughout the activity / event. Constant  It is the value which does not change Descriptive Statistics  It is the basic statistics that is used to describe and summarize data. Focus Group  An interview conducted with a small group of people, all at one time, to explore ideas on a particular topic. Multivariate Analysis  It is the analysis of several independent variable on the dependent variable. Mutually Exclusive  It is when the happening of an event does not disturb or alters the happening of another event. for example, in tossing of coin, the appearance of head is mutually exclusive to the appearance of tail as any one of them say head, does not allow the other to happen simultaneously. Nominal Scale  It is a scale that allows for classifying of elements into several mutually exclusive categories which are based on defined features but no numeric. They are just used for identification purposes. For example, the shirts worn by players in a football match. The number on the shirts represent the identification of the player only. Normal Curve  It is the curve, which is bell shaped in structure. It is formed when the data having normal distribution is plotted. Normal Distribution  It is the distribution that describes a frequency distribution comprising of data points which resembles a bell shape structure. The normal distribution shows important properties that are necessary for performing various statistical tests for different types of applications. Null Hypothesis  It is the hypothesis that states that there is no difference among and between the groups. It is in sharp contrast to alternative hypothesis that states that between two or more groups there is some difference Observation Unit  It is the actual unit which is subjected to observation during the course of study. 6.15 Case study Let us assume that a manufacturer of the light bulbs wants to produce bulbs with a mean life of 1000 hours If the lifetime is shorter, he/ she will lose customers to his / her competitors; if the lifetime is longer, he / she will have a very high production cost because the filaments will be excessively thick. In order to see whether the production process is working properly a sample of the output is taken to test the hypothesis A two tailed test is used because he / she does not want to deviate significantly from 1000 hours in either direction. Therefore the null hypothesis is rejected.

Edgar Allen Poe :: essays research papers

Edgar Allen Poe   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Who is Edgar Allen Poe? He was a 19th century American writer born to Elizabeth (â€Å"betty†) Arnold Hopkins and David Poe. (Internet source) Poe was an well-educated individual. He would attend a private school in London and then an academy in Richmond. Later being accepted to the University of Virginia, this however would not work out for him. He then would travel to Boston for work in which there would be none. Defeated he enlisted in the Army and soon regret the decision. Once out he would again try a military career, he was accepted to the U.S Military Academy. (Encyclopedia Britannica) This time he immediately regretting the decision. After his expulsion he entered a contest sponsored by the Baltimore Saturday Visitor. His story â€Å"MS. Found in a Bottle† â€Å"was considered to be the one of the world’s first science fiction stories, he won both the $50 prize and acclaim for its 24-year-old author.† (Internet source) He would then work at several different editorials, none of which really worked out for him. His dream though would be to own a magazine or paper of his own. He would come close twice but never succeed in keeping them alive due to his different habits.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What made Edgar Allen Poe? Through his lifetime many different misfortunes and disasters would strike him. All of these would shape him and his writing to what we now associate as the father of modern diabolic fiction. (Internet source) The first of the tragedies to plague him would be the abandonment by his father. He would grow never knowing who his real father was. His father had left his family when Edgar was only an infant. The next misfortune would be the death of his mother when he was three. There was yet another factor that would shape him throughout his lifetime. He would also come how from his studies in England to find that his sweetheart from childhood was engaged. This caused him to write his first serious poem â€Å"Tamerlane† out of heartbreak. His luck with women throughout his lifetime would be rather in the bottom end of the barrel. He would eventually marry Virginia Clemm, his thirteen-old cousin. He would later lose her to tuberculosis and stop writing for a while, only to concentrate on â€Å"Ulalume† to express his mourn. He would try to remarry on two different occasions the first was ruined by rumor the second by his drinking habit.

Tennesee Williams

All writer use to one degree or another elements of their life to help formulate their characters and stories, but Tennessee Williams seems to draw more from his personal experiences than most. After reading â€Å"The Resemblance Between a Violin Case and a Coffin† and doing some background research on the author it becomes quite clear that he wrote this story as a reflection of his life. The similarities between the narrator/boy in the story and Tennessee himself are quite obvious, as well as other characters and members of his family.There are many specific aspects of Tennessee’s life that make â€Å"The Resemblance Between a Violin Case and a Coffin† a story that he is uniquely if not exclusively able to write. The first and most obvious similarity between Tennessee and the story is that the main character of the story is a boy, but not only a boy, a boy who is starting to discover that he is attracted to men and may be a homosexual. This is obviously an area that Tennessee can relate to because he too was gay.But that single factor does not make the author unique in being able to write the story. What makes Tennessee specifically qualified to write the story is the time and place that he experienced the realities of being a boy discovering his sexuality. Tennessee was born in the deep south of Columbus, Mississippi on March 26, 1911. This time in history is known for being intolerant of homosexuality, and if there was one region that stood out the most for this intolerance it would be the south.Even today Mississippi is considered one of the least tolerant states being ranked 38th on The Daily Beast’s ranking of most tolerant states(thedailybeast. com). In fact Mississippi was one of the states that continued to practice sodomy laws until 2003 when the supreme court ruled it unconstitutional (thetaskforce. org). Growing up gay in the American south at this time would be riddled with hardships that few other places could match.For example Tennessee probably felt an obligation to hide his sexuality or suffer dire consequences. This would most likely result in awkward and strained relationships with members of the same sex. This can be seen in the story whenever the boy runs into Richard, â€Å"When he turned to me and held his enormous hand out, I did a thing so grotesque that I could never afterward be near him without a blistering sense of shame. Instead of taking the hand I ducked away from him. †(Kenison, 318).This shows an insight into the life of a young Tennessee that feared being exposed if he were to talk to a boy he was attracted to. Another example in the story of the struggles of the author can be seen when the boy says, â€Å"How on earth did I explain to myself, at that time, the fascination of his physical being without, at the same time, confessing to myself that I was a little monster? †(Kenison, 319). This shows the authors denial of his sexuality and his view at the time that it was monstrous to be gay.Another area of resemblance between â€Å"The Resemblance Between a Violin Case and a Coffin† and Tennessee’s life is the similarities between characters in the story and member of his family, specifically his mother and sister. In â€Å"The Glass Menagerie† as well as many other of his works, Williams is suspected to base one of the character on his sister, â€Å"Amanda's daughter seems modeled on Rose Williams: the fragile Laura who retreats from reality to play with glass figurines. (amswers. com). Williams’s sister developed schizophrenia at some point in life which undoubtedly left a mark on Tennessee. The fragile nature in sister characters is seen as well in â€Å"The Resemblance Between a Violin Case and a Coffin†, â€Å"when my sister got up later than usual with an odd look, not as if she had been crying, although perhaps she had, but as though she had received some painful or frightening surprise†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Kenison, 312).This fragility in her character in not only violin but his other stories shows the unique relationship between Tennessee and his ill sister. That relationship resulted in very specific character traits in some of his prominent female characters. Tennessee’s mother was also used as an influence in many of the characters in Tennessee’s works. Williams viewed his mother as a prototypical southern belle, constantly trying to climb the social ladder.He saw her as snobbish, neurotic, and hysterical and portrayed her that way with the characters she influenced. One such example in violin is when the boy compares the mother character to his aunt. â€Å"Though my mother would certainly never make verbal acknowledgement of my aunts superiority in matters of taste and definitions of quality, it was nevertheless apparent that she approached Knoxville and my father’s younger sister in something very close to fear and trembling. † (Kenison, 315).This d isplay of neurotic fear over refined social skills exemplifies the mother character in violin and through association the authors actual mother. Tennessee Williams story â€Å"The Resemblance Between a Violin Case and a Coffin†, in my opinion is a good story that reveals a great deal about the author himself. Through analyzing this story I acquired a much deeper and richer knowledge of Tennessee Williams than I have of many other authors. This is interesting considering I never even heard of him before reading the story.To conclude what I learned about Williams I would say that he was able to write violin because of the specific circumstances that he lived and persevered through, as well as the impression his mother and sister left him. Him being gay during the early 1900’s in the American south led him to write a story that offered an insight to a very different reality than my own that I would never had been aware of otherwise. For that widening of my horizons, I am thankful.